核心理论：让步技巧在argument的作文里不仅仅可以呈现一个逻辑不合理处和即使这不合理处被解决，而且可以找出另外在前问题下的另外一处深入的逻辑不合理。

　　It allows you to present one problem at a time, and then stipulate that even if that problem were handled, there would still be another problem underneath. It cuts away one bruise from the apple at a time in order to leave no excuses or explanations for the rotten core underneath.

　　如何操作这样的技巧：

　　例题：The Mayor of Janesville has proposed a plan to help stimulate sales for small businesses in the town's downtown shopping district. He proposes that Janesville provide tax breaks to businesses who want to move their operations to Janesville. The tax breaks, the Mayor reasons, will motivate businesses to move to Janesville, which will help to grow the downtown shopping district, attracting customers and their spending dollars.

　　首先：列出例子短文里逻辑不合理的几处，如下：

　　Will tax breaks make businesses want to move?

　　Will businesses necessarily offer shopping?

　　Will businesses grow the downtown shopping district?

　　Does the mayor want to help the current small businesses? Or any?

　　Will customers be attracted to the businesses that come?

　　Will more customers help the current small businesses?

　　Will customers coming to new businesses shop at small businesses?

　　那么问题出来了，这里有很多逻辑不合理处而且很凌乱 也并没有优先重点的问题。基于这样的情况出现的每个离题和短文里。

　　通过 even if / although 的技巧里更好的编织这些凌乱点并呈现 even if 的 整体结构，如下：

　　We don't know if tax breaks motivate businesses to uproot.

　　让步一，深入第一处不合理点Even if they do, we don't know if these tax breaks will be large enough to be motivating.

　　让步二，深入前面逻辑不合理处Even if they are large enough to be attractive, we don't know if they outweigh the costs or disadvantages of moving to Janesville.

　　让步三，深入前面逻辑不合理处Even if they are enough to drive businesses to Janesville, we don't know if these businesses offer shopping.

　　让步四，深入前面逻辑不合理处Even if they do offer shopping, we don't know if they will open downtown.

　　Even if they do open downtown, we don't know if they will attract customers.

　　Even if they attract customers, we don't know if those customers have money to spend.

　　Even if the customers do have money to spend, we don't know if the increased competition will help small businesses or hurt them.

　　以这样的even if 结构 我们可以呈现出以上这些 当然考试的时候或实际练习的时候不需要深入那么多点 毕竟时间和字数段落有限

　　Even if / although 结构的优势：

　　Do you see the benefit of this structure? It allows us to bring up one issue at a time, and then stipulate that it might not be a problem and put it aside. In other words, the reader could disagree with my first seven points and still come back and agree with me on the final point. The Even if strategy makes it so that all your points are clear and presented in a logical progression, but they aren't linked together to depend on one another. And that makes for a much stronger argument!

　　通过一篇实际的范文来回应和体现这样的技巧，如下：

　　题目：The following is taken from an advertisement placed in a weekly business magazine by the Dickens Academy.

　　"We distributed a survey to senior management at International Mega-Publishing, Inc. The result of the survey clearly indicates that many employees were well prepared in business knowledge and computer skills, but lacked interpersonal skills to interact gracefully with customers. International Mega-Publishing decided to improve customer satisfaction by sending their newly hired employees to our one-day seminars. Since taking advantage of our program, International Mega-Publishing has seen a sharp increase in sales, an indication that the number of their disgruntled customers has declined significantly. Your company should hire

　　Dickens and let us turn every employee into an ambassador for your company."

　　This Dickens Academy ad claims that any company wanting to improve customer relations will benefit from enrolling its employees in Dickens' one-day seminars. To support this claim the ad cites Mega-Publishing's improved sales after its new employees attended Dickens' seminar as an indication of improved customer relations. As it stands the ad rests on a series of dubious assumptions, and is therefore unconvincing.

　　第一处逻辑不合理点In the first place, the ad relies on the unsubstantiated assumption that the Mega employees attending the seminar are positioned to influence Mega's sales and its customer relations. Perhaps these new employees were hired for production, editorial, or personnel positions that have nothing to do with customer relations and that have only an indirect and negligible impact on sales. Without providing evidence that these new employees directly influence Mega's customer relations and sales, I cannot accept the argument that the Dickens seminar was responsible for any of Mega's sales or customer-relations improvements subsequent to the seminar.

　　深入第一处逻辑不合理点Even if Mega's seminar attendees are involved in sales and customer relations, the ad unfairly assumes that the improvement in Mega's sales must be attributable to the seminar. Perhaps the improvement in sales was the result of increasing product demand, new pricing policies, decreased competition, or any one of a myriad of other possible developments. For that matter, perhaps Mega's new employees as a group already possessed exceptional interpersonal skills, and therefore Mega's sales and customer relations would have improved during the ensuing months regardless of the seminar. Since the ad fails to consider and rule out these and other alternative explanations for the improvements at Mega, I find the ad's daim that the Dickens seminar should receive credit unconvincing.

　　深入前面段落逻辑不合理点Even if the Dickens seminar was responsible for improved sales and customer relations at Mega, the ad's claim that all other businesses would benefit similarly from a Dickens seminar is unjustified. It is entirely possible that the techniques and skills that participants in Dickens' seminars learn are effective for the kind of business in which Mega engages, but not for other types of businesses. Although it is possible that Dickens' training methods would be equally effective for other types of businesses, since Dickens has not provided evidence that this is the case I remain unconvinced by the ad's daim.

　　In sum, this ad fails to provide key evidence needed to support its claim. To strengthen that claim Dickens must show that Mega's seminar attendees - and not other employees or other occurrences - were indeed responsible for the subsequent improvement in sales, and that customer relations also improved as a result of their attending the seminar. Dikens must also provide additional success stories - about other types of businesses - to convince me Dickens' training methods will work for any business.