不管雅思考试还是未来出国之后的学术论文，对于学生开始了解和掌握一定的学术表达是必要的，所以宁波环球教育陈如成老师写这篇文章的目的是开启学生对学术表大的一些基本认识和运用。

　　Formal writing - using noun phrases

　　如何使你的论文或报告更正式：

　　Academic writing frequently uses nominalisations; that is, the noun forms of verbs. （动词的名词形式）

　　The process of nominalisation turns verbs (actions or events) into nouns (things, concepts or people). （把动词变成名词）

　　重点：简单归纳 能用名词的动词则以名词用法为主

　　例子如下：

　　例子 Companies (subject) enter (verb) different markets to increase (verb) their revenues.

　　学术表达如下：Companies looking for an increase ( noun) in revenues become new entrants (noun) in different markets

　　回应雅思话题： 题目- the quality of life in large cities is increasing.

　　正式表达：The increase of living quality has become increasingly common.

　　回应雅思话题2：in many parts of the world, crime is increasing rapidly among teenagers and the public is becoming concerned

　　正式表达：the rapid increase in crime among teenagers has caused concern among the public.

　　简单总结如下：一个动词如果决定了一句话核心逻辑 把它用作名词或名词短语 (也就是说一篇好的文章，动词越少越好）

　　以下列出了一些常用的口语词用法和写作用法及区别：

　　Spoken English    Formal Written English

　　Verb - to increase    noun - an increase

　　Verb - to improve    noun - an improvement

　　Verb - to educate    noun - an education

　　Verb - to enter a placenoun - an entrant or an entry

　　Verb - to fly        noun a flight

　　Verb → Noun       Adjective→Noun

　　refuse refusal          annoyed annoyance

　　extend extension          difficult difficulty

　　investigate investigation       different difference

　　react reaction             valuable value

　　fail failure              intense intensity

　　Sentences without nominalisation→      

　　Sentences with nominalization

　　He failed, which angered his parents.→    

　　His failure caused his parents' anger.

　　The police investigated but uncovered no evidence.→  

　　The police investigation uncovered no evidence.

　　David loves junk food, which causes him to be obese.→  

　　David's love of junk food is the cause of his obesity.

　　The professor refused to extend the deadline, which made the students feel annoyed.             →        

　　The professor's refusal of a deadline extension caused student annoyance.

　　The course was difficult, so many students performed poorly.→

　　The course's difficulty resulted in poor student performance

　　总结：当然这只是其中一种学术表达的体现在论文中，也同时为了出国后的学期论文如何呈现学术表达做了一些基础。